This course aims to introduce the Arctic climate change and its interaction with regional and global climate. We will overview the fast-changing polar cryosphere in the past decades, and discuss the two-way interactions of the changing Arctic climate and lower-latitude atmospheric and oceanic circulations at various spatiotemporal scales, along with cause-and-effect and signal-to-noise issues addressed.

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• NSIDC Arctic sea ice news & analysis (here):
  - Charctic interactive sea ice graph (here).
   

• IPCC Reports
  - Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in
     a Changing Climate (here): Chapter 3 Polar
     Regions (here).
  - AR6 WG1 (here).
   

• We will use a linear baroclinic model (here):
  - Arctic forcing (Arctic warming; Arctic cooling).
  - tropical forcing (Central Pacific warming).